Nörobilişsel Yaşlanma Modelleri: Kaybedilenin Telafisi Mümkün mü?
Öz
Yaşlanma sürecinde bilişsel işlevlerin birçoğunda düşüş görülmektedir. Yaşlanmayla birlikte bilişsel işlevlerde ortaya çıkan bu değişim ile nöral süreçler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesine olanak sağlayan nörobilişsel modeller, beyindeki aktivasyon artışına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan telafi (compensation) mekanizmalarına odaklanmaktadır. Beyin aktivasyonundaki bu artışın, bilişsel performanstaki yaşa bağlı düşüşü dengelemek ve korumak yönünde harekete geçen telafi mekanizmalarını yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı sağlıklı yaşlanma ile birlikte ortaya çıkan telafi mekanizmalarını açıklamak için geliştirilen nörobilişsel modellerden en etkili dört modeli incelemek; bu modellerin katkıları ve sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır. Bu kapsamda mevcut derlemede Yaşlı Yetişkinlerde Hemisferik Asimetri Azalması (HAROLD) Modeli, Yaşlanmada Posterior-Anterior Kayma (PASA) Teorisi, Nöral Devrelerin Telafiyle İlgili Kullanımı Hipotezi (CRUNCH), Yaşlanma ve Bilişin İskele Teorisi (STAC; STAC-r) ele alınmıştır. Buna karşın nörobilişsel modellerden önce geliştirilen bilişsel modeller yaşa bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan bilişsel farklılıkları açıklamada yaşlanmaya bağlı bozukluklara odaklanmışlardır. Bu nedenle bilişsel değişimi kapsamlı bir şekilde açıklamakta yetersiz kalmışlardır. Nörobilişsel modeller ise, telafi mekanizmalarının harekete geçmesi için nöral ağların kullanımına odaklanmış ve telafi sürecinin daha çok frontal bölgelerde gerçekleştiğine vurgu yapmışlardır. Dolayısıyla nörobilişsel modeller yaşlanmanın nörobilişsel temellerini açıklamak açısından daha kapsamlı modellerdir; ancak bu modeller de bazı sınırlılıklar içermektedir. Türkiye’de ve tüm dünyada yaşlanan nüfus ve buna paralel olarak gelişen demans vaka sayıları giderek artmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, nörobilişsel modelleri test eden çalışmaların artması ve bunlardan elde edilecek sonuçlarla yaşlanmayı açıklayan yeni ve daha kapsamlı modellerin geliştirilmesi, yaşlanma sürecinin doğasının anlaşılması açısından önem arz etmektedir.
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